Before You Write the First Word 

第一部分：在動(dòng)筆之前 

    1. Ask your client to list the deal points. This can be in the form of a list, outline or narration. Doing this will help the client focus on the terms of the agreement. 
    1.要求你的客戶列出合同交易的要點(diǎn)，也可以說是合同的清單、目錄或概述。這一招首先幫助你的客戶弄清合同的重點(diǎn)所在。 
    

2. Engage your client in "what if" scenarios. A good contract will anticipate many possible factual situations and express the parties' understanding in case those facts arise. Talking to your client about this will generate many issues you may not otherwise consider. 
2.讓你的客戶提供一些假設(shè)可能發(fā)生的情況。好的合同不僅能夠預(yù)見到許多可能發(fā)生的情況，而且還能清楚地描述出發(fā)生這些情況后合同雙方的立場。和客戶聊這些情況將有助于你發(fā)現(xiàn)一些你可能沒有考慮到的問題。 

    3. Ask your client for a similar contract. Frequently, clients have had similar transactions in the past or they have access to contracts for similar transactions. 
    3.請求你的客戶提供類似的合同。通常情況下，客戶都保留著過去的交易記錄或者是類似合同。 

    4. Search your office computer or the Internet for a similar form. Many times you can find a similar form on your computer. It may be one you prepared for another client or one you negotiated with another lawyer. Just remember to find and replace the old client's name. Starting with an existing form saves time and avoids the errors of typing. 
    4.在辦公室的電腦中或是在因特網(wǎng)上搜索類似的合同范本。通常你會(huì)在你的電腦上找到你想要的東西，這些類似的合同范本要么是你給其他客戶準(zhǔn)備的，要么是你 和其他的律師共同協(xié)商起草的。使用這些舊合同可以為你節(jié)省時(shí)間和避免打印錯(cuò)誤，不過，用這些合同范本時(shí)別忘了替換掉老客戶的名字。

    5. Obtain forms in books or CD-ROM. Typical forms of contracts can be found in form books, such as West's Legal Forms (a nationwide set) and Florida Jur Forms, as well as in treatises and Florida Bar CLE publications. These can be used as the starting point for drafting the contract or as checklists of typical provisions and wording to include in the contract. Many treatises and form books now come with forms on disk or CD-ROM. 
    5.從書中或者是光盤上獲取合同范本。典型的合同范本在一些范例書中都可能找到：比如,西方法律文書（全國版）佛羅里達(dá)州文書期刊，另外，在有些論文和佛 羅里達(dá)州律師協(xié)會(huì)的法律繼續(xù)教育出版物中也可以找到一些。起草合同時(shí)，你可以把這些范本當(dāng)做原始資料，利用其中某些典型的條款和措詞。更為方便的是，許多 論文和書中的合同范本都有電子文本儲(chǔ)存在磁盤或光盤中。 

    6. Don't let your client sign a letter of intent without this wording. Sometimes clients are anxious to sign something to show good faith before the contract is prepared. A properly worded letter of intent is useful at such times. Just be sure that the letter of intent clearly states that it is not a contract, but that it is merely an outline of possible terms for discussion purposes. See Appendix C. 
    6.如果沒有特別申明，不要讓你的客戶在意向書上簽字。有時(shí)候，在合同未準(zhǔn)備好之前，客戶為了表示誠意，往往急于簽署某些東西，當(dāng)然，在這種情況下，如果 客戶急于簽署的是有特別申明的意向書，這也是可以的，但一定要注明：本意向書并非合同，只是雙方為了更好地溝通協(xié)商，而擬定的對未來?xiàng)l款的概述。類似意向 書的范例見附錄C。

Writing that First Word 
第二部分：開始起草合同 

    7. Start with a simple, generic contract form. The form in Appendix A is such a form. It provides a solid starting point for the structure of the contract. Like a house, a contract must have a good, solid foundation. 
    7.從簡單、典型的合同入手。附錄A就是一個(gè)簡單、典型的合同，它提供了一個(gè)合同的基本支架。像房子一樣，一個(gè)合同必須有一個(gè)牢固的根基。 

    8. State the correct legal names of the parties in the first paragraph. As obvious as this is, it is one of the most common problems in contracts. For individuals, include full first and last name, and middle initials if available, and other identifying information, if appropriate, such as Jr., M.D., etc. For corporations, check with the Secretary of State where incorporated. 
    8.在合同的第一段要寫清楚雙方的名稱。，這是個(gè)簡單而又不得不引起重視的問題。如果是個(gè)人，要寫清姓和名,中間有大寫字母和其他身份信息的，也要注明，例如：jr.,M.D,等等；如果是公司，為避免弄錯(cuò)，寫名稱時(shí)可以到公司注冊地的相應(yīng)機(jī)構(gòu)去核對一下。

    9. Identify the parties by nicknames. Giving each party a nickname in the first paragraph will make the contract easier to read. For example, James W. Martin would be nicknamed "Martin." 
    9.確定合同雙方的別稱（簡稱）。為便于閱讀，一般要在合同的第一段為雙方弄一個(gè)別稱，如：將詹姆士.馬丁簡寫為"馬丁"。 

    10. Be careful when using legal terms for nicknames. Do not use "Contractor" as a nickname unless that party is legally a contractor. Do not use "Agent" unless you intend for that party to be an agent, and if you do, then you better specify the scope of authority and other agency issues to avoid future disagreements. 
    10.使用法定術(shù)語作為雙方當(dāng)事人的別稱時(shí)，要小心。除非一方當(dāng)事人在法定上就是承包人，否則不要將"承包人"作為其別稱。同樣，除非你想讓一方當(dāng)事人成 為法定上的代理人，否則不要稱其為"代理人"，如果堅(jiān)持要用，最好明確一下代理范圍并找到其他可以避免將來爭執(zhí)的方案。

    11. Include a blank for the date in the first paragraph. Putting the date in the first paragraph makes it easy to find after the contract is signed. It also makes it easy to describe the contract in other documents in a precise way, such as the "December 20, 2000, Contract for Sale of Real Estate." 
    11.在合同的第一段要為書寫簽約時(shí)間留下空格。把簽約時(shí)間放在第一段，當(dāng)合同簽署后，你就能夠很容易地找到它，而且，這樣做還可以給你在其他相關(guān)文件中準(zhǔn)確地描述這個(gè)合同提供幫助，范例如：不動(dòng)產(chǎn)買賣合同，訂立于2000年12月20日 

    12. Include to provide background. Recitals are the "whereas" clauses that precede the body of a contract. They provide a simple way to bring the contract's reader (party, judge or jury) up to speed on what the contract is about, who the parties are, why they are signing a contract, etc. The first paragraph in the body of the contract can incorporate the recitals by reference and state that they are true and correct. This will avoid a later argument as to whether or not the recitals are a legally binding part of the contract. 
    12.書寫引述語。引述語是指那些放在合同主體前面的"鑒于"條款。書寫此類條款的目的是為了讓讀者（通常指合同雙方，法官，陪審團(tuán)）很快地了解到合同的 主要內(nèi)容是什么，合同雙方是誰，以及他們?yōu)槭裁春炗喓贤�，等等。�?dāng)然，合同主體的第一段也可以加上引述語并陳述其是真實(shí)準(zhǔn)確的，如果這樣做了，合同雙方將 來就不會(huì)爭執(zhí)：引述語作為合同的一部分是否具有法律效力？ 

    13. Outline the contract by writing out and underlining paragraph headings in their logical order. The paragraphs should flow in logical, organized fashion. It is not necessary to write them all at once; you can write them as you think of them. Try to group related concepts in the same paragraphs or in adjacent paragraphs. For example, write an employment contract's initial paragraph headings like this: 
    Recitals. 
    Employment. 
    Duties. 
    Term. 
    Compensation. 
    13.按邏輯順序列出合同段落的標(biāo)題詞.合同的段落是按一定的邏輯順序組織起來的，當(dāng)然，你并不需要一下子列出所有段落的標(biāo)題詞，想到多少就寫多少，不過，這些標(biāo)題詞要力求總結(jié)出每個(gè)段落或相關(guān)段落的內(nèi)容。比如：撰寫勞動(dòng)合同時(shí)列出的標(biāo)題詞就像下面這些： 
    引述語 
    聘用 
    職責(zé) 
    期限 
    賠償 

  14. Complete each paragraph by writing the contract terms that apply to that paragraph. This is simple. You learned this in elementary school. Just explain in words what the parties agree to do or not do paragraph by paragraph. 
    14.在撰寫每一段時(shí)要注意內(nèi)容集中，不要東拉西扯，是的，這很簡單，你可能上小學(xué)時(shí)就學(xué)過，但我還是要提醒你，要集中火力，一段一段地分別說明合同雙方同意做什么，不同意做什么。 

    15. Keep a pad at hand to remember clauses to add. It is normal to think of additional clauses, wording and issues while writing a contract. Jot these down on a pad as you write; they are easily forgotten. Also keep your client's outline and other forms in front of you as you write, and check off items as you write them. 
    15.放一個(gè)便箋簿在手邊，以便記下需要添加的條款。在書寫合同的同時(shí)，你可能隨時(shí)會(huì)想到一些需要添加條款、措詞和問題，要盡快記在便箋簿上，因?yàn)樗麄兲�容易忘了。另外，你最好將客戶列出的要點(diǎn)和一些類似的合同范本也放在眼前，以便在書寫過程中隨時(shí)查對。

    16. Repeat yourself only when repetition is necessary to improve clarity. Ambiguity is created by saying the same thing more than once; it is almost impossible to say it twice without creating ambiguity. Only if the concept is a difficult one should you write it in more than one way. In addition, if you use an example to clarify a difficult concept or formula, be sure that all possible meanings are considered and that the example is accurate and consistent with the concept as worded. 
    16.除非是為了更清晰地說明問題，否則不要在合同中重復(fù)陳述某個(gè)內(nèi)容。將一個(gè)事實(shí)來回地說很容易讓人模棱兩可。如果你將一個(gè)概念重復(fù)地解釋，那理解起來 就更有困難。另外，如果你想通過一個(gè)例子來闡明一個(gè)難以理解的概念或規(guī)則時(shí)，一定要考慮到其所有的含義、這個(gè)例子的準(zhǔn)確性以及它和概念的相符性。

What to Watch Out for When Writing 
第三部分：撰寫時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng) 

    17. Title it "Contract." Do not leave this one to chance. If your client wants a contract, call it a contract. A judge now sitting on the federal bench once ruled that a document entitled "Proposal" was not a contract even though signed by both parties. The lesson learned is, "Say what you mean." If you intend the document to be a legally binding contract, use the word "Contract" in the title. 
    17.標(biāo)題上注明"合同"兩字。不要為碰運(yùn)氣而忽略這個(gè)。如果你的客戶需要合同，就要注明是合同。一個(gè)仍在聯(lián)邦法院里任職的法官就曾經(jīng)裁定：有雙方簽字， 但標(biāo)有"建議書"的文件并非合同。這給我們的教訓(xùn)就是，你怎么想，就應(yīng)該怎么說。如果你想讓你的文件成為具有法律效力的合同，就要在標(biāo)題中注明"合同"字 樣。 

    18. Write in short sentences. Short sentences are easier to understand than long ones. 
    18.寫短句子，因?yàn)槎叹渥颖乳L句子讓人更容易理解。 

    19. Write in active tense, rather than passive. Active tense sentences are shorter and use words more efficiently, and their meaning is more apparent. Example of active: "Sellers shall sell the Property to Buyer." Example of passive: "The Property shall be sold to Buyer by Seller." 
    19.用主動(dòng)語態(tài)而不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。相對而言，主動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子更簡短，措詞更精練，表達(dá)更明白。還是讓我們來來看一個(gè)例子吧，主動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子：賣方將把此物賣給買方;被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子：此物將被賣方賣給買方。 

    20. Don't use the word "biweekly." It has two meanings: twice a week and every other week. The same applies to "bimonthly." Instead, write "every other week" or "twice a week." 
    20.不要用“雙周”之類的詞，因?yàn)檫@有可能產(chǎn)生歧義----是兩周還是每隔一周？類似的詞還有"雙月",所以最好這樣寫:"兩周"或"每隔一周"。

    21. Don't say things like "active termites and organisms". Avoid ambiguity by writing either "active termites and active organisms" or "organisms and active termites." When adding a modifier like "active" before a compound of nouns like "termites and organisms", be sure to clarify whether you intend the modifier to apply to both nouns or just the first one. If you intend it to apply to both, use parallel construction and write the modifier in front of each noun. If you intend it to apply to just one noun, place that one noun at the end of the list and the modifier directly in front of it. 
    21.不要說"活動(dòng)著的白蟻和有機(jī)體"之類的話，為了避免模棱兩可，最好這樣寫：“活動(dòng)著的白蟻和活動(dòng)著的有機(jī)體”或是“白蟻和活動(dòng)著的有機(jī)體”。當(dāng)一組 名詞（如"白蟻和有機(jī)體"）前有一個(gè)修飾語（如"活動(dòng)著的"）時(shí)，你一定要弄清楚這個(gè)修飾語是修飾兩個(gè)名詞還是僅僅修飾第一個(gè)名詞。如果是修飾兩個(gè)詞，可 以用排比的手法分別在這兩個(gè)詞之前加上修飾語，如果你只想修飾一個(gè)名詞，那么你就應(yīng)該把這個(gè)詞放在這組詞的最后，然后在它的前面加上修飾語。 

    22. Don't say "Lessor" and "Lessee." These are bad nicknames for a lease because they are easily reversed or mistyped. Use "Landlord" and "Tenant" instead. The same applies to lienor and lienee, mortgagor and mortgagee, grantor and grantee, licensor and licensee, party A and party B. This is where you can use your creativity to come up with a different nickname for a party, as long as you use it consistently throughout the contract. 
    22.不要說“出租人”和“承租人”。這對一個(gè)租賃合同來說是些不好的別稱，因?yàn)樗麄內(nèi)菀妆活嵉够蛘叱霈F(xiàn)打印錯(cuò)誤。可以用“房東”和“房客”來代替他們。 同樣，在合同中也不要說留置權(quán)人和留置人，抵押權(quán)人和抵押人，保證人和被保證人，許可人和被許可人，當(dāng)事人A和當(dāng)事人B......到底怎么說，這就要看 你駕馭語言的能力了，不過，要把握的一條原則，即在整個(gè)合同中，對合同一方只能用一個(gè)別稱。 

    23. Watch out when using "herein." Does "wherever used herein" mean anywhere in the contract or anywhere in the paragraph? Clarify this ambiguity if it matters. 
    23.使用術(shù)語“本文（herein，也可譯為”“在這里”）時(shí)要當(dāng)心。為了避免含糊不清，使用“本文”時(shí)最好特別申明一下“本文”是指整個(gè)合同，還是指其所在的某一段落。 

    24. Write numbers as both words and numerals: ten (10). This will reduce the chance for errors. 
    24.寫數(shù)目時(shí)要文字和阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字并用，如：拾（10）。這將減少一些不經(jīng)意的錯(cuò)誤。 

    25. When you write "including" consider adding "but not limited to." Unless you intend the list to be all-inclusive, you had better clarify your intent that it is merely an example. 
    25.如果你想用"包括"這個(gè)詞，就要考慮在其后加上"但不限于....."的分句。除非你能夠列出所有被包括的項(xiàng)，否則最好用"但不限于...."的分句，來說明你只是想舉個(gè)例子。 

    26. Don't rely on the rules of grammar. The rules of grammar that you learned in school are not universal. The judge or jury interpreting the meaning of your contract may have learned different rules. Write the contract so that no matter what rules they learned, the contract is clear and unambiguous. Follow this test for clear writing: Remove all periods and commas, then read it. Choosing the right words and placing them in the right place makes the writing clear without punctuation. 
    26.不要依賴于語法規(guī)則。那些你在學(xué)校里得到的語法規(guī)則并不是放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)的東西，因?yàn)橛袡?quán)力來解釋此合同的法官或陪審團(tuán)成員學(xué)的語法規(guī)則可能和你學(xué) 的不一樣，但不管學(xué)的是什么規(guī)則，撰寫合同都要遵循一個(gè)基本原則：簡潔、明確。檢測你寫的東西是否達(dá)到這個(gè)要求有個(gè)好辦法，那就是去掉所有的句號(hào)和逗號(hào)， 然后去讀它。在沒有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的情況下，選擇正確的詞語放在正確的位置上，這將使你寫出來的東西更簡明，更流暢。 

    27. Don't be creative with words. Contract writing is not creative writing and is not meant to provoke reflective thoughts or controversies about nuances of meaning. Contract writing is clear, direct and precise. Therefore, use common words and common meanings. Write for the common man and the common woman. 
    27.不要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造詞語。合同文書不是創(chuàng)造性的作品，也就不能因?yàn)橐馑嫉募?xì)微差別而引起思考或爭論。合同文書應(yīng)該是清晰、直接而準(zhǔn)確的。因此，要使用普通的詞語,表達(dá)普通的意思，為普通人撰寫合同。 

    28. Be consistent in using words. If you refer to the subject matter of a sales contract as "goods" use that term throughout the contract; do not alternately call them "goods" and "items." Maintaining consistency is more important than avoiding repetition. Don't worry about putting the reader to sleep; worry about the opposing lawyer a year from now hunting for ambiguities to get your contract into court. 
    28.用詞一致。在一份銷售合同中，如果你想用“貨物”來指整個(gè)合同的標(biāo)的物，就不要時(shí)而稱它們?yōu)椤柏浳铩�，時(shí)而又改稱它們?yōu)椤爱a(chǎn)品”。保持用詞一致性比避免重復(fù)更加重要。不要擔(dān)心這會(huì)讓讀者打瞌睡；你應(yīng)該提防的是對方律師會(huì)因?yàn)楹�糊不清的合同而將你告上法庭�?nbsp;

    29. Be consistent in grammar and punctuation. The rules of grammar and punctuation you learned may differ from others, but you had better be consistent in your use of them. Be aware of such things as where you put ending quote marks, whether you place commas after years and states, and similar variations in style. 
    29.在文法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)上保持一致。你可能學(xué)過許多不同類的文法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)規(guī)則，但在使用它們時(shí)最好保持一致。要特別注意句末的引號(hào)、時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)之后的逗號(hào)以及文風(fēng)的相似性。 

    30. Consider including choice of law, venue selection, and attorneys fee clauses. If your contract gets litigated, you might as well give your client some "ammunition" for the fight. Examples of these clauses appear in Appendices A and C. 
    30.可以在合同中加入準(zhǔn)據(jù)法、審判地、律師費(fèi)等條款。有了這些條款，一旦合同引起訴訟，你就已經(jīng)為了你的客戶打這場訴訟戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn)備了一些“彈藥”。類似的條款見附錄A和B。 

Write for the Judge and Jury 
第四部分：要為法官和陪審團(tuán)考慮 

    31. Assume the reader is a knowledgeable layman. If your writing is so clear that a layman could understand it, then it is less likely it will end up in court. 
    31.要假設(shè)合同的讀者是一個(gè)受過教育的外行,如果你書寫的合同簡明得連一個(gè)外行都能理解，那么即使到了法庭上,,你也不用害怕。 

    32. Define a word by capitalizing it and putting it in quotes. Capitalizing a word indicates that you intend it to have a special meaning. The following are two sample clauses for defining terms: 
    Wherever used in this contract, the word "Goods" shall mean the goods that Buyer has agreed to purchase from Seller under this contract.Buyer hereby agrees to purchase from Seller ten (10) frying pans, hereinafter called the "Goods." 
    32.強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)合同術(shù)語可以這樣做：加上雙引號(hào)并將其開頭的字母大寫。將一個(gè)詞語的開頭字母大寫表明你想讓它有一個(gè)特別的意思。下面有兩個(gè)定義術(shù)語的例子： 
    一.本合同中使用的“貨物”("Goods")是指買方已經(jīng)同意向賣方購買的貨物; 
    二.本合同中買方同意向賣方購買的拾（10）只平底鍋，即下文中的“貨物”("Goods")。 

    33. Define words when first used. Instead of writing a section of definitions at the beginning or end of a contract, consider defining terms and concepts as they first appear in the contract. This will make it easier for the reader to follow. 
    33.第一次使用某個(gè)術(shù)語時(shí)就要下定義。定義合同術(shù)語不是在合同的開頭，也不是在合同的結(jié)尾，而是在這個(gè)術(shù)語第一次出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，這樣做，有利于讀者更好地理解合同。 

    34. Explain technical terms and concepts. Remember that the parties might understand technical jargon, but the judge and jury who interpret and apply the contract do not. Therefore, explain the contract's terms and concepts within the contract itself. Let the contract speak for itself from within its four corners. 
    34.勤于解釋合同中的術(shù)語和概念。要記住合同雙方的當(dāng)事人可能會(huì)理解合同中某些專用術(shù)語，但法官和陪審團(tuán)卻可能一無所知。所以撰寫合同時(shí)要讓合同自己為自己釋義。 

（來源：美國佛羅里達(dá)州律所雜志）