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河北石家莊涉外律師推薦:美國憲法
作者:石家莊涉外律師趙麗娜編輯整理   出處:法律顧問網(wǎng)·涉外anthonyjohnsonjr.com     時間:2010/7/5 12:44:00

[Constitution for the United States of America]


We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article. I.
Section. 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Section. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
Section. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
Section. 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
Section. 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.
Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Section. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.
Section. 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States;If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
Section. 8. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;
To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; — And
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
Section. 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.
No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.
No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.
No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
Section. 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws; and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.
No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
Article. II.
Section. 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:
Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; a quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.
The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.
No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.
In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.
Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation: — "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."
Section. 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.
Section. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
Article. III.
Section. 1. The judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
Section. 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; — to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; — to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; — to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; — to Controversies between two or more States; — between a State and Citizens of another State; — between Citizens of different States; — between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.
Section. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.
Article. IV.
Section. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
Section. 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.
Section. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
Section. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence.
Article. V.
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
Article. VI.
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.
Article. VII.
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
The Word, "the," being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page, The Word "Thirty" being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The Words "is tried" being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.
Attest William Jackson
Secretary
done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,
Go. WASHINGTON — Presidt.
and deputy from Virginia
New Hampshire {
JOHN LANGDON
NICHOLAS GILMAN
Massachusetts {
NATHANIEL GORHAM
RUFUS KING
Connecticut {
WM. SAML. JOHNSON
ROGER SHERMAN
New York . . . .
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
New Jersey {
WIL: LIVINGSTON
DAVID BREARLEY.
WM. PATERSON.
JONA: DAYTON
Pennsylvania {
B FRANKLIN
THOMAS MIFFLIN
ROBT MORRIS
GEO. CLYMER
THOS. FITZ SIMONS
JARED INGERSOLL
JAMES WILSON
GOUV MORRIS
Delaware {
GEO: READ
GUNNING BEDFORD jun
JOHN DICKINSON
RICHARD BASSETT
JACO: BROOM
Maryland {
JAMES MCHENRY
DAN OF ST THOS. JENIFER
DANL CARROLL
Virginia {
JOHN BLAIR
JAMES MADISON jr
North Carolina {
WM. BLOUNT
RICHD. DOBBS SPAIGHT
HU WILLIAMSON
South Carolina {
J. RUTLEDGE
CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY
CHARLES PINCKNEY
PIERCE BUTLER
Georgia {
WILLIAM FEW
ABR BALDWIN
In Convention Monday, September 17th, 1787.
Present
The States of
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, MR. Hamilton from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
Resolved,
That the preceeding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled, and that it is the Opinion of this Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People thereof, under the Recommendation of its Legislature, for their Assent and Ratification; and that each Convention assenting to, and ratifying the Same, should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled. Resolved, That it is the Opinion of this Convention, that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which have ratified the same, and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President, and the Time and Place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution. That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed, and the Senators and Representatives elected: That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President, and should transmit their Votes certified, signed, sealed and directed, as the Constitution requires, to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled, that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate, for the sole purpose of receiving, opening and counting the Votes for President; and, that after he shall be chosen, the Congress, together with the President, should, without Delay, proceed to execute this Constitution.
By the Unanimous Order of the Convention
Go. WASHINGTON — Presidt.
W. JACKSON Secretary.
________________________________________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Constitution of the United States
美利堅合眾國憲法
 
當根據(jù)聯(lián)邦條例組成的第一個國家政府證明不能將原來的十三州結(jié)合成一個統(tǒng)一的國家時,美國人民探用了現(xiàn)在的合眾國憲法。合眾國憲法是世界上最古老 的國家憲法之一,一七八九年三月四日正式成為美國的基本大法。數(shù)年之后,增加了首十條憲法修正案,亦即所謂權利法案,在其后的一個半世紀中又增加了另外十 多條修正案。
序 言
我們,美利堅合眾國的人民,為了組織一個更完善的聯(lián)邦,樹立正義,保障國內(nèi)的安寧,建立共同的國防,增進全民福利和確保我們自己及我們后代能安享自由帶來的幸福,乃為美利堅合眾國制定和確立這一部憲法。
 
第一條
第一款:本憲法所規(guī)定的立法權,全屬合眾國的國會,國會由一個參議院和一個眾議院組成。

第二款:眾議院應由各州人民每兩年選舉一次之議員組成, 各州選舉人應具有該州州議會中人數(shù)最多之一院的選舉人所需之資格。

凡年齡未滿二十五歲,或取得合眾國公民資格未滿七年,或于某州當選而并非該州居民者,均不得任眾議員。
眾議員人數(shù)及直接稅稅額,應按聯(lián)邦所轄各州的人口數(shù)目比例分配,此項人口數(shù)目的計算法,應在全體自由 人民--包括訂有契約的短期仆役,但不包括未被課稅的印第安人--數(shù)目之外,再加上所有其它人口之五分之三。實際人口調(diào)查,應于合眾國國會第一次會議三年 內(nèi)舉行,并于其后每十年舉行一次,其調(diào)查方法另以法律規(guī)定之。眾議員的數(shù)目,不得超過每三萬人口有眾議員一人,但每州至少應有眾議員一人;在舉行人口調(diào)查 以前,各州得按照下列數(shù)目選舉眾議員:新罕不什爾三人、麻薩諸塞八人、羅得島及普羅維登斯墾殖區(qū)一人、康涅狄格五人、紐約州六人、新澤西四人、賓夕法尼亞 八人、特拉華一人、馬里蘭六人、弗吉尼亞十人、北卡羅來納五人、南卡羅來納五人、喬治亞三人。

任何一州的眾議員有缺額時,該州的行政長官應頒選舉令,選出眾議員以補充缺額。

眾議院應選舉該院議長及其它官員;只有眾議院具有提出彈劾案的權力。

第三款: 合眾國的參議院由每州的州議會選舉兩名參議員組成之,參議員的任期為六年,每名參議員有一票表決權。

參議員第一次選舉后舉行會議之時,應當立即盡量均等地分成三組。第一組參議員的任期,到第二年年終時屆滿,第二組到第四年年終時屆滿,第三組到第六年年終 時屆滿,俾使每兩年有三分之一的參議員改選;如果在某州州議會休會期間,有參議員因辭職或其它原因出缺,該州的行政長官得任命臨時參議員,等到州議會下次 集合時,再予選舉補缺。

凡年齡未滿三十歲,或取得合眾國公民資格未滿九年,或于某州當選而并非該州居民者,均不得任參議員。
合眾國副總統(tǒng)應為參議院議長,除非在投票票數(shù)相等時,議長無投票權。

參議院應選舉該院的其它官員,在副總統(tǒng)缺席或執(zhí)行合眾國總統(tǒng)職務時,還應選舉臨時議長。

所有彈劾案,只有參議院有權審理。在開庭審理彈劾案時,參議員們均應宣誓或誓愿。如受審者為合眾國總統(tǒng),則應由最高法院首席大法官擔任主席;在未得出席的參議員的三分之二的同意時,任何人不得被判有罪。

彈劾案的判決,不得超過免職及取消其擔任合眾國政府任何有榮譽、有責任或有俸給的職位之資格;但被判處者仍須服從另據(jù)法律所作之控訴、審訊、判決及懲罰。

第四款: 各州州議會應規(guī)定本州島島參議員及眾議員之選舉時間、地點及程序;但國會得隨時以法律制定或變更此種規(guī)定,惟有選舉議員的地點不在此例。

國會應至少每年集合一次,開會日期應為十二月的第一個星期一,除非他們通過法律來指定另一個日期。

第五款: 參眾兩院應各自審查本院的選舉、選舉結(jié)果報告和本院議員的資格,每院議員過半數(shù)即構(gòu)成可以議事的法定人數(shù);不足法定人數(shù)時,可以一天推一天地延期開會,并有權依照各該議院所規(guī)定的程序和罰則,強迫缺席的議員出席。

參眾兩院得各自規(guī)定本院的議事規(guī)則,處罰本院擾亂秩序的議員,并且得以三分之二的同意,開除本院的議員。

參眾兩院應各自保存一份議事記錄,并經(jīng)常公布,惟各該院認為應保守秘密之部分除外;兩院議員對于每一問題之贊成或反對,如有五分之一出席議員請求,則應記載于議事記錄內(nèi)。

在國會開會期間,任一議院未得別院同意,不得休會三日以上,亦不得遷往非兩院開會的其它地點。

第六款: 參議員與眾議員得因其服務而獲報酬,報酬的多寡由法律定之,并由合眾國國庫支付。兩院議員除犯叛國罪、重罪以及擾亂治安罪外,在出席各該院會議及往返各該院途中,有不受逮捕之特權;兩院議員在議院內(nèi)所發(fā)表之演說及辯論,在其它場合不受質(zhì)詢。

參議或眾議員不得在當選任期內(nèi)擔任合眾國政府任何新添設的職位,或在其任期內(nèi)支取因新職位而增添的俸給;在合眾國政府供職的人,不得在其任職期間擔任國會議員。

第七款 :有關征稅的所有法案應在眾議院中提出;但參議院得以處理其它法案的方式,以修正案提出建議或表示同意。

經(jīng)眾議院和參議院通過的法案,在正式成為法律之前,須呈送合眾國總統(tǒng);總統(tǒng)如批準,便須簽署,如不批準,即應連同他的異議把它退還給原來提出該案的議院, 該議院應將異議詳細記入議事記錄,然后進行復議。倘若在復議之后,該議院議員的三分之二仍然同意通過該法案,該院即應將該法案連同異議書送交另一院,由其 同樣予以復議,若此另一院亦以三分之二的多數(shù)通過,該法案即成為法律。但遇有這樣的情形時,兩院的表決均應以贊同或反對來定,而贊同和反對該法案的議員的 姓名,均應由兩院分別記載于各該院的議事記錄之內(nèi)。如總統(tǒng)接到法案后十日之內(nèi)(星期日除外) ,不將之退還,該法案即等于曾由總統(tǒng)簽署一樣,成為法律,惟有當國會因而無法將該法案退還時,該法案才不得成為法律。

任何命令、決議或表決(有關休會問題者除外) ,凡須由參議院及眾議院予以同意者,均應呈送合眾國總統(tǒng);經(jīng)其批準之后,方始生效,如總統(tǒng)不予批準,則參眾兩院可依照對于通過法案所規(guī)定的各種組別和限制,各以三分之二的多數(shù),再行通過。

第八款: 國會有權規(guī)定并征收稅金、捐稅、關稅和其它賦稅,用以償付國債并為合眾國的共同防御和全民福利提供經(jīng)費; 但是各種捐稅、關稅和其它賦稅,在合眾國內(nèi)應劃一征收;
以合眾國的信用舉債;
管理與外國的、州與州間的,以及對印第安部落的貿(mào)易;
制定在合眾內(nèi)一致適用的歸化條例,和有關破產(chǎn)的一致適用的法律;
鑄造貨幣,調(diào)節(jié)其價值,并厘定外幣價值,以及制定度量衡的標準;
制定對偽造合眾國證券和貨幣的懲罰條例;
設立郵政局及建造驛路;
為促進科學和實用技藝的進步,對作家和發(fā)明家的著作和發(fā)明,在一定期限內(nèi)給予專利權的保障;
設置最高法院以下的各級法院;
界定并懲罰海盜罪、在公海所犯的重罪和違背國際公法的罪行;
宣戰(zhàn),對民用船只頒發(fā)捕押敵船及采取報復行動的特許證,制定在陸地和海面虜獲戰(zhàn)利品的規(guī)則;
募集和維持陸軍,但每次撥充該項費用的款項,其有效期不得超過兩年;
配備和保持海軍;
制定有關管理和控制陸海軍隊的各種條例;
制定召集民兵的條例,以便執(zhí)行聯(lián)邦法律,鎮(zhèn)壓叛亂和擊退侵略;
規(guī)定民兵的組織、裝備和訓練,以及民兵為合眾國服務時的管理辨法,但各州保留其軍官任命權,和依照國會規(guī)定的條例訓練其民團的權力;
對于由某州讓與而由國會承受,用以充當合眾國政府所在地的地區(qū)(不逾十哩見方),握有對其一切事務的全部立法權;對 于經(jīng)州議會同意,向州政府購得,用以建筑要塞、彈藥庫、兵工 廠、船塢和其它必要建筑物的地方,也握有同樣的權力;--并且
為了行使上述各項權力,以及行使本憲法賦予合眾國政府或其各部門或其官員的種種權力,制定一切必要的和適當?shù)姆伞?/FONT>

第九款 :對于現(xiàn)有任何一州所認為的應準其移民或入境的人,在一八○八年以前,國會不得加以禁止,但可以對入境者課稅,惟以每人不超過十美元為限。

不得中止人身保護令所保障的特權,惟在叛亂或受到侵犯的情況下,出于公共安全的必要時不在此限。

不得通過任何褫奪公權的法案或者追溯既往的法律。

除非按本憲法所規(guī)定的人口調(diào)查或統(tǒng)計之比例,不得征收任何人口稅或其它直接稅。

對各州輸出之貨物,不得課稅。

任何有關商務或納稅的條例,均不得賦予某一州的港口以優(yōu)惠待遇;亦不得強迫任何開往或來自某一州的船只,駛?cè)牖蝰偝?另一州,或向另一州納稅。

除了依照法律的規(guī)定撥款之外,不得自國庫中提出任何款項;一切公款收支的報告和帳目,應經(jīng)常公布。

合眾國不得頒發(fā)任何貴族爵位:凡是在合眾國政府擔任有俸給或有責任之職務者,未經(jīng)國會許可,不得接受任何國王、王子 或外國的任何禮物、薪酬、職務或爵位。

第十款: 各州不得締結(jié)任何條約、結(jié)盟或組織邦聯(lián);不得對民用船只頒發(fā)捕押敵船及采取報復行動之特許證;不得鑄造貨幣;不得發(fā)行紙幣;不得指定金銀幣以外的物品作為償還債務的法定貨幣;不得通過任何褫奪公權的法案、追溯既往的法律和損害契約義務的法律;也不得頒發(fā)任何貴族爵位。

未經(jīng)國會同意,各州不得對進口貨物或出口貨物征收任何稅款,但為了執(zhí)行該州的檢查法律而有絕對的必要時,不在此限;任何州對于進出口貨物所征的稅,其凈收益應歸合眾國國庫使用;所有這一類的檢查法律,國會對之有修正和監(jiān)督之權。

未經(jīng)國會同意,各州不得征收船舶噸位稅,不得在和平時期保持軍隊和軍艦,不得和另外一州或外國締結(jié)任何協(xié)議或契約,除非實際遭受入侵,或者遇到刻不容緩的危急情形時,不得從事戰(zhàn)爭。

第二條

第一款: 行政權力賦予美利堅合眾國總統(tǒng)?偨y(tǒng)任期四年,總統(tǒng)和具有同樣任期的副總統(tǒng),應照下列手續(xù)選舉:

每州應依照該州州議會所規(guī)定之手續(xù),指定選舉人若干名,其人數(shù)應與該州在國會之及眾議員之總數(shù)相等;但參議員、眾議員及任何在合眾國政府擔任有責任及有俸給之職務的人,均不得被指定為選舉人。

各選舉人應于其本身所屬的州內(nèi)集會,每人投票選舉二人,其中至少應有一人不屬本州島島居民。選舉人應開列全體被選人名單,注明每人所得票數(shù);他們還應簽名 作證明,并將封印后的名單送至合眾國政府所在地交與參議院議長。參議院議長應于參眾兩院全體議員之前,開拆所有來件,然后計算票數(shù)。得票最多者,如其所得 票數(shù)超過全體選舉人的半數(shù),即當選為總統(tǒng);如同時不止一人得票過半數(shù),且又得同等票數(shù),則眾議院應立即投票表決,選舉其中一人為總統(tǒng);如無人得票過半數(shù), 則眾議院應自得票最多之前五名中用同樣方法選舉總統(tǒng)。但依此法選舉總統(tǒng)時,應以州為單位,每州之代表共有一票;如全國三分之二的州各有一名或多名眾議員出 席,即構(gòu)成選舉總統(tǒng)的法定人數(shù);當選總統(tǒng)者需獲全部州的過半數(shù)票。在每次這樣的選舉中,于總統(tǒng)選出后,其獲得選舉人所投票數(shù)最多者,即為副總統(tǒng)。但如有二 人或二人以上得票相等時,則應由參議院投票表決,選舉其中一人為副總統(tǒng)。

國會得決定各州選出選舉人的時期以及他們投票的日子;投票日期全國一律。

只有出生時為合眾國公民,或在本憲法實施時已為合眾國公民者,可被選為總統(tǒng);凡年齡未滿三十五歲,或居住合眾國境內(nèi)未滿十四年者,不得被選為總統(tǒng)。

如遇總統(tǒng)被免職,或因死亡、辭職或喪失能力而不能執(zhí)行其權力及職務時,總統(tǒng)職權應由副總統(tǒng)執(zhí)行之。國會得以法律規(guī)定,在總統(tǒng)及副總統(tǒng)均被免職,或死亡、辭職或喪失能力時,由何人代理總統(tǒng)職務,該人應即遵此視事,至總統(tǒng)能力恢復,或新總統(tǒng)被選出時為止。

總統(tǒng)得因其服務而在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)接受俸給,在其任期之內(nèi),俸金數(shù)額不得增加或減低,他亦不得在此任期內(nèi),自合眾國政府和任何州政府接受其它報酬。

在他就職之前,他應宣誓或誓愿如下:「我鄭重宣誓(或矢言)我必忠誠地執(zhí)行合眾國總統(tǒng)的職務,并盡我最大的能力,維持、保護和捍衛(wèi)合眾國憲法!

第二款: 總統(tǒng)為合眾國陸海軍的總司令,并在各州民團奉召為合眾國執(zhí)行任務時擔任統(tǒng)帥;他可以要求每個行政部門的主管官員提出有關他們職務的任何事件的書面意見,除了彈劾案之外,他有權對于違犯合眾國法律者頒發(fā)緩刑和特赦。

總統(tǒng)有權締訂條約,但須爭取參議院的意見和同意,并須出席的參議員中三分之二的人贊成;他有權提名,并于取得參議院的意見和同意后,任命大使、公使及領 事、最高法院的法官,以及一切其它在本憲法中未經(jīng)明定、但以后將依法律的規(guī)定而設置之合眾國官員;國會可以制定法律,酌情把這些較低級官員的任命權,授予 總統(tǒng)本人,授予法院,或授予各行政部門的首長。

在參議院休會期間,如遇有職位出缺,總統(tǒng)有權任命官員補充缺額,任期于參議院下屆會議結(jié)束時終結(jié)。

第三款: 總統(tǒng)應經(jīng)常向國會報告聯(lián)邦的情況,并向國會提出他認為必要和適當?shù)拇胧,供其考慮;在特殊情況下,他得召集兩院或其中一院開會,并得于兩院對于休會時間意 見不一致時,命令兩院休會到他認為適當?shù)臅r期為止;他應接見大使和公使;他應注意使法律切實執(zhí)行,并任命所有合眾國的軍官。

第四款: 合眾國總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)及其它所有文官,因叛國、賄賂或其它重罪和輕罪,被彈劾而判罪者,均應免職。

第三條

第一款: 合眾國的司法權屬于一個最高法院以及由國會隨時下令設立的低級法院。最高法院和低級法院的法官,如果盡忠職守,應繼續(xù)任職,并按期接受俸給作為其服務之報酬,在其繼續(xù)任職期間,該項俸給不得削減。

第二款:司 法權適用的范圍,應包括在本憲法、合眾國法律、和合眾國已訂的及將訂的條約之下發(fā)生的一切涉及普通法及衡平法的案件;一切有關大使、公使及領事的案件;一 切有關海上裁判權及海事裁判權的案件;合眾國為當事一方的訴訟;州與州之間的訴訟,州與另一州的公民之間的訴訟,一州公民與另一州公
民之間的訴訟,同州公民之間為不同之州所讓與之土地而爭執(zhí)的訴訟,以及一州或其公民與外國政府、公民或其國民之間的訴訟。

在一切有關大使、公使、領事以及州為當事一方的案件中,最高法院有最初審理權。在上述所有其它案件中,最高法院有關于法律和事實的受理上訴權,但由國會規(guī)定為例外及另有處理條例者,不在此限。

對一切罪行的審判,除了彈劾案以外,均應由陪審團裁定,并且該審判應在罪案發(fā)生的州內(nèi)舉行;但如罪案發(fā)生地點并不在任何一州之內(nèi),該項審判應在國會按法律指定之地點或幾個地點舉行。

第三款:只有對合眾國發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭,或投向它的敵人,予敵人以協(xié)助及方便者,方構(gòu)成叛國罪。無論何人,如非經(jīng)由兩個證人證明他的公然的叛國行為,或經(jīng)由本人在公開法庭認罪者,均不得被判叛國罪。

國會有權宣布對于叛國罪的懲處,但因叛國罪而被褫奪公權者,其后人之繼承權不受影響,叛國者之財產(chǎn)亦只能在其本人生存期間被沒收。

第四條

第一款: 各州對其它各州的公共法案、記錄、和司法程序,應給予完全的信賴和尊重。國會得制定一般法律,用以規(guī)定這種法案、記錄、和司法程序如何證明以及具有何等效力。
第二款: 每州公民應享受各州公民所有之一切特權及豁免。

凡在任何一州被控犯有叛國罪、重罪或其它罪行者,逃出法外而在另一州被緝獲時,該州應即依照該罪犯所逃出之州的行政當局之請求,將該罪犯交出,以便移交至小該犯罪案件有管轄權之州。

凡根據(jù)一州之法律應在該州服役或服勞役者,逃往另一州時,不得因另一州之任何法律或條例,解除其服役或勞役,而應依照有權要求該項服役或勞役之當事一方的要求,把人交出。
第三款: 國會得準許新州加入聯(lián)邦;如無有關各州之州議會及國會之同意,不得于任何州之管轄區(qū)域內(nèi)建立新州;亦不得合并兩州或數(shù)州、或數(shù)州之一部分而成立新州。

國會有權處置合眾國之屬地及其它產(chǎn)業(yè),并制定有關這些屬地及產(chǎn)業(yè)的一切必要的法規(guī)和章則;本憲法中任何條文,不得作有損于合眾國或任何一州之權利的解釋。

第四款 :合眾國保證聯(lián)邦中的每一州皆為共和政體,保障它們不受外來的侵略;并且根據(jù)擄各州州議會或行政部門(當州議會不能召集時)的請求,平定其內(nèi)部的暴亂。


第五條

舉凡兩院議員各以三分之二的多數(shù)認為必要時,國會應提出對本憲法的修正案; 或者, 當現(xiàn)有諸州三分之二的州議會提出請求時,國會應召集修憲大會,以上兩種修正案,如經(jīng)諸州四分之三的州議會或四分之三的州修憲大會批準時,即成為本憲法之一 部分而發(fā)生全部效力,至于采用那一種批準方式,則由國會議決;但一八○八年以前可能制定之修正案,在任何情形下,不得影響本憲法第一條第九款之第一、第四 兩項;任何一州,沒有它的同意,不得被剝奪它在參議院中的平等投票權。

第六條

合眾國政府于本憲法被批準之前所積欠之債務及所簽訂之條約,于本憲法通過后,具有和在邦聯(lián)政府時同等的效力。

本憲法及依本憲法所制定之合眾國法律;以及合眾國已經(jīng)締結(jié)及將要締結(jié)的一切條約,皆為全國之最高法律;每個州的法官都應受其約束,任何一州憲法或法律中的任何內(nèi)容與之抵觸時,均不得有違這一規(guī)定。

前述之參議員及眾議員,各州州議會議員,合眾國政府及各州政府之一切行政及司法官員,均應宣誓或誓愿擁護本憲法;但合眾國政府之任何職位或公職,皆不得以任何宗教標準作為任職的必要條件。

第七條

本憲法經(jīng)過九個州的制憲大會批準后,即在批準本憲法的各州之間開始生效。

 


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